English

sentences

Vocab	Ex
progress		Remarkable Progress
elicited	concurrently elicited various concerns
endeavor	This survey endeavors to furnish

Problem

• Determining A is fundamentally hard because B
• While producing A requires access to B, detecting A does not.
• A third party with knowledge of the A and B can re-produce the C.

Related Work

• Recently, A announced that he is studying cryptographic approaches to watermarking in collaboration with OpenAI. Their preliminary method is based only on biasing of the LM output, as opposed to complete determination as in B. While details are not currently available, the description suggests that hashing of n-gram sequences is involved.

• Note that a separate line of work investigates watermarking model parameters themselves. This would not be used to watermark model output (as in this work), but to defend against model stealing (B; C). Approaches, such as D, implant backdoor triggers through a finetuning process to cause biased responses to specific inputs.

• In contrast to other currently published works, we want to focus on strategies that are simultaneously minimally restrictive to a language model, leverage the LMs own understanding of natural text, require no usage of the LM to decode the watermark, and can be theoretically analyzed and validated.

Questioning

• What is the best way to test for the watermark in a streaming context, or in a context where a short span of watermarked text lives inside a longer non-watermarked span?
• Are there simple sensitivity bounds that are more accurate than those presented above for large A and small B?

Future work

• There are still a number of remaining open questions regarding watermarking.

• There is one more important property of the proposed method that we have not discussed: AAA

• Our prayers have been answered
• Maybe the map is wrong
• The Nautilus is supposed to be inside of a cave, right here.
• I’ll meet you back there
• Our one change to send you to college.
• We’re procrastinating out of feer, aren’t we?
• Which way are you going?
• We are running out of time.
• We made it
• How do we find north without a compass?
• Spiders build their webs facing south.
• I think I found our spider.
• We got to get under the hood.

• You thinkin what I’m thinking?

• If anybody ever asks, I’m gonna deny that I ever said this.
• I’ve had a lot of people take off on me in my life, and I don’t want you to be one of them.
• Before we left, I told your mom that I was gonna take care of her son.
• I promise you I will comeback for you.
• WHo’s up for an adventure?

• We did it.

• If you are busy this week, you can visit me next weekend

• if the weather is nice then i will wash the car

• If I were rich, I would travel around the world. (I am not rich)
• If I were good at maths, I would help you. (I am not good at maths)
• I would understand this book if the language weren’t so difficult. (the language is difficult)
• If the weather were good, we could go to the beach” (the weather is not good, but if it were, it would be possible to go to the beach)

• if you have any questions please feel free to contact me

• Should you fall ill, we’ll pay your hospital expenses. (If you fall ill, we’ll pay your hospital expenses.)
• Should we not succeed, the consequences would be disastrous. (If we didn’t succeed, the consequences would be disastrous.)
• If you work overtime, then you’ll be paid time-and-a-half

Four conditionals

[Youtube]

conditionals	‘if’ clause	main clause	state	tip
0	If + present simple,	present simple	real and possible	일반적인 가정과 일반적인 결과
1st	If + present simple,	will + infinitive	real and possible	일반적인 가정과 특별한 결과
2nd	If + past simple,	would + infinitive	unreal and impossible	불가능한 가정과 가능한 현재 결과
3rd	If + past perfect,	would have + past participle	unreal and impossible	바꿀 수 없는 과거와 바뀔듯한 과거 결과
Mixed	-	-	If + past perfect, would + infinitive	과거에 그랬다면, 현재 이랬을 것이다.
Mixed	-	-	If + past simple, would + would have + past participle	만일 이랬다면, 과거에 그랬을 것이다.

0 Conditional

Real conditions and results that are always the same

If + present simple, present simple

• tree and wind
  • If the wind blows, the trees move.
  • The tree move if the wind blows.
• drink and sleep
  • If I drink coffee after 3 PM, I don’t sleep at night
  • I don’t sleep at night if I drink coffee after 3 PM.
• push button and light
  • If you push this button, the lights come on.
  • The lights come on if you push this button.
• If you leave ice-cream in the sun, it melts.
• People get hungry if they don’t eat.

Imperative (Command)

• When you get home, call me. (집에 도착하는 일이 확신되는 경우. )
• If you get home, call me. (의미는 똑같지만, 집에 도착하는 일을 확신하진 않음. )
• If Phil calls, don’t answer the phone.
• If you accidentally drop some trash, pick it up

Unless

Unless = If + not

• If you don’t get an invitation, you can’t come to the party.
• Unless you get an invitation, you can’t come to the party.

1 Conditional

If + present simple, will + infinitive

• You can change will to can, could, may, might, going to.

• infinitive (eat, ate, eaten)

• If we don’t leave soon, we'll miss our train.
• If I’m late for work again, I might lose my job.
• When you tell Dan the news, he's going to faint.
• If this program doesn’t load, I won’t be able to finish my work.
• Unless this program loads, I won’t be able to finish my work.

Comparison between 0 Conditional and 1st Conditional

• If I have time, I work out.
• If I have time, I’ll work out.

0 Conditional is generally true, 1st conditional is more future conditional.

2 Conditional

If + past simple, would + infinitive

Would could be changed to might and could. Imaginary/unreal/hypothetical condition and result

• If I won the lottery, I would buy a mansion.
• I would buy a mansion if I won the lottery.

Were

Instead of was, it is more collect to use were.

• If I were
• If he were

• If she were

• If I were shorter, I would wear heels more.
• If I ere a wealthy man, I wound’t have to work hard.
• If I were you, I wouldn’t worry.

Condition	example	meaning
0 Conditional	If I listen to music on my phone, I use headphones	always true and never changes
1st Conditional	If I listen to music on my phone, I’ll use headphones.	specific situation
2nd Conditional	If I listened to music on my phone, I’d use headphones.	hypothetical.

3 Conditional

If + past perfect, would have + past participle

Would could be changed to could. We use have even though the subject is he or she.

unreal/impossible/hypothetical condition and result

• If I had studied harder, I would have passed my exam.
• I would have made more food if I had known Karan and Paul were coming.
• If I hadn’t tripped, I could have won the race.

Condition	example	meaning
0 Conditional	If we drive, we get there faster.	always true and never changes
1st Conditional	If we drive, we’ll get there faster	specific situation comparison with a train.
2nd Conditional	If we drove, we’d get there faster.	hypothetical. We took a bus.
3nd Conditional	If we had driven, we would have gotten there faster.	We already arrive. 30 minutes late. We can not change.

Mixed

Add 2nd conditional and 3rd conditional

• If I had studied German in school, my German would be better. (in reality: I didn’t study and my German is not good)
• My German would be better if I had studied German in school.

If + past perfect, would + infinitive

• If you hadn’t broken up with me, we would still be together (in reality: They broke up)
• If you had put your coat on, you wouldn’t be sick.
• You wouldn’t be sick if you had put your coat on.

If + past, would have + pp

• If I were rich, I would have bought that coat.
• If I lived closer to you, I would have come.